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Cultural and architectural complex in the city of Valencia, Spain

City of Arts and Sciences

Valencian: Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
Spanish: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias
Aerial view (2009)
Location	Valencia, Spain
Coordinates	39°27′15″N 00°21′00″Due west  /  39.45417°N 0.35000°W  / 39.45417; -0.35000 Coordinates: 39°27′xv″North 00°21′00″West  /  39.45417°Northward 0.35000°W  / 39.45417; -0.35000
Owner	Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, S.A. (CACSA)
Construction
Opened	L'Hemisfèric (1998), Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (2000), L'Umbracle (2001), L'Oceanogràfic (2003), Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía (2005), Montolivet Bridge (2007), Assut de l'Or Bridge (2008), 50'Àgora (2009)
Construction cost	i,200 million euros
Builder	Santiago Calatrava, Félix Candela (L'Oceanogràfic)
Website
world wide web.cac.es/en/domicile.html

The City of Arts and Sciences (Valencian: Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències [siwˈtad de les ˈaɾts i les siˈɛnsi.es]; Spanish: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias [θjuˈðað de las ˈartes i las ˈθjenθjas]) is a cultural and architectural circuitous in the city of Valencia, Espana. It is the most important mod tourist destination in the city of Valencia and one of the 12 Treasures of Kingdom of spain.

The City of Arts and Sciences is situated at the southeast end of the former riverbed of the river Turia, which was drained and rerouted later a catastrophic inundation in 1957. The former riverbed was turned into a picturesque sunken park.

Designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela, the project began the first stages of structure in July 1996, and was inaugurated on 16 April 1998 with the opening of Fifty'Hemisfèric. The last major component of the Metropolis of Arts and Sciences, Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, was inaugurated on 9 October 2005, Valencian Customs Day. The nigh contempo edifice in the complex, L'Àgora, was opened in 2009.^[1]

Originally approaching at €300 million in 1991 for three structures, it has expanded well-nigh iii times the initial expected cost.^[2]

Buildings and structures [edit]

The complex is made upward of the following buildings and structures, presented in the order of their inauguration:

• L'Hemisfèric (1998) – an IMAX Cinema, planetarium and laserium. The building is meant to resemble a giant middle, and has an judge surface of xiii,000 g². The Hemisfèric, likewise known equally the planetarium or the "middle of knowledge", is the centerpiece of the Urban center of Arts and Sciences. Information technology was the first building completed in 1998. Its design resembles an eyelid that opens to access the surrounding water pool. The bottom of the pool is glass, creating the illusion of the eye equally a whole. This planetarium is a half-sphere in a physical structure 110 meters long and 55.five meters wide. The shutter is congenital of elongated aluminum awnings that fold upward collectively to form a brise soleil roof that opens forth the curved centrality of the heart. It opens to reveal the dome, the "iris" of the center, which is the planetarium or Ominax theater. The construction is divided in half by a set of stairs that descend into the vaulted concrete lobby. The underground spaces are illuminated with the use of translucent glass panels within the walking path. The transparent roof is supported by concrete arches that connect to the sunken gallery. There is a remarkable echo in the building and if two people stand at the 2 contrary pillars inside of the eye they can speak with each other.

Museo de las Ciencias Príncipe Felipe

• Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (2000) – an interactive museum of science that resembles the skeleton of a whale. It occupies around xl,000 thousand² on three floors. Much of the basis floor is taken up by a basketball court sponsored past a local team and various companies. The edifice has three floors, of which 26,000 foursquare meters is used for exhibitions. The first floor has a view of the Turia Garden that surrounds it, which is over thirteen,500 foursquare meters of water. The second floor hosts "The Legacy of Science" exhibition by researchers Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Severo Ochoa y Jean Dausset. The tertiary floor is known every bit the "Chromosome Forest" and shows the sequencing of human DNA. Besides on this floor are the "Goose egg Gravity," "Space Academy" and "Marvel Superheroes" exhibitions. The building's compages is known for its geometry, structure, employ of materials, and its design effectually nature. The building is well-nigh 42,000 foursquare meters, of which 26,000 foursquare meters is exhibition space, making it the largest in Spain. It has 20,000 square meters of drinking glass, iv,000 panes, 58,000 thou³ of concrete, and 14.000 tons of steel. The edifice stands 220 meters long, 80 meters wide and 55 meters high.

• L'Umbracle (2001) – an open structure enveloping a landscaped walk with establish species indigenous to Valencia (such as rockrose, lentisca, rosemary, lavender, honeysuckle, bougainvillea and palm trees). It harbors in its interior The Walk of the Sculptures, an outdoor art gallery with sculptures past contemporary artists (Miquel de Navarre, Francesc Abbot, Yoko Ono and others). The Umbracle is likewise home to numerous complimentary-continuing sculptures surrounded past nature. It was designed equally an archway to the City of Arts and Sciences. It is 320 meters long and 60 meters wide, located on the southern side of the complex. It includes 55 stock-still arches and 54 floating arches that stand 18 meters loftier. The plants displayed were advisedly picked to change color with each flavor. The garden includes 99 palm trees, 78 small-scale palm trees, and 62 bitter orangish trees. In that location are 42 varieties of shrubs from the Region of Valencia including cistuses, mastics, buddleia, pampas grass, and plumbagos. In the garden there are 16 species of Mirabilis jalapa, or the four-o'clock flower ("dazzler of the night"). Honeysuckle and hanging bougainvillea are two of the 450 climbing plants in L'Umbracle. There too are v,500 ground cover plants such equally lotus, agatea, Castilian Flags, and fig-marigolds. There are over a hundred aromatic plants including rosemary and lavender.

• L'Oceanogràfic (2003) – an open-air oceanographic park. It is the largest oceanographic aquarium in Europe with 110,000 square meters and 42 million liters of water. It was built in the shape of a h2o lily and is the work of builder Félix Candela. Each building represents different aquatic environments including the Mediterranean, wetlands, temperate and tropical seas, the Antarctic, the Arctic, islands and the Red Sea. This aquarium is a home to over 500 different species including dolphins, belugas, sawfish, jellyfish, starfish, sea urchins, walruses, sea lions, seals, penguins, turtles, sharks and rays. It too houses wetland bird species.

• Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía (2005) – an opera house and performing arts center dedicated to music and the performing arts. It is surrounded by 87,000 square meters of landscape and water, as well equally ten,000 foursquare meters of walking area. The Palau de Les Arts has iv sections: the main hall, the master hall, the auditorium, and the Martin y Soler theatre. It holds many events such as opera, theatre and music in its auditoriums. Panoramic lifts and stairways connect platforms at unlike heights on the inside of the metal frames of the building. The building has a metallic feather outer roof that is 230 meters long and 70 meters high. The building is supported by white concrete. Ii laminated steel shells encompass the edifice, weighing over 3,000 tons. These shells are 163 meters wide and 163 meters long.

Montolivet Span, newer southern segment

• Montolivet Bridge (2007) - concrete road bridge crossing the dry Turia riverbed that consists of an older direct-roadway northern segment with cavalcade piers designed by Fernández Ordóñez (1933-2000)^[iii] connected with a newer curved-roadway southern segment with white arch signal supports designed by Santiago Calatrava,^[four] located in between, and complementing his design of, Palua de les Arts Reina Sofía and L'Hemisferic.

• Assut de l'Or Bridge (2008) – a white cable-stayed bridge sustained past a curved pylon with backstayed counterweights, crossing the dry Turia riverbed, connecting the southward side with Minorca Street, in between El Museu de les Ciències and L'Agora. The pylon of the bridge, at 125 meters loftier, is the highest point in the city.

• L'Àgora (2009) – a covered plaza in which concerts and sporting events (such as the Valencia Open 500) are held.^[ane] The Agora is a space designed to hold a diverseness of events such as concerts, performances, exhibitions, conventions, staging of congresses, and international sports meetings. Many important events accept been held in this building, including the Freestyle Burn Spanish Loving cup in 2010 and the Christmas Special Program.
• Valencia Towers – part of a Calatrava project (2005) to complete the City of Arts and Sciences with the additional construction, and so estimated to take more than 2 decades to complete, of three sculptural towers of 308, 266 and 220 grand alpine, which symbolize the cities of Valencia, Alicante and Castellón, respectively. The proposed projection has been put on hold.^[5]

History [edit]

Origins of the project [edit]

In 1989, the president of the Valencian Autonomous Government, Joan Lerma, later on a visit to the new Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris, and through the full general director of planning and studies of the Presidency of the Generalitat Valenciana, Dr. José María Bernabé, officially commissioned the scientist Dr. Antonio Ten Ros to draft a first proposal for a Metropolis of Science and Technology for Valencia.^[6]

Dr. X Ros drew up a first draft, entitled "Vilanova, A City of Science for Valencia", which was officially presented to the Generalitat in May 1989. After that, he was formally commissioned in 1990 to direct the cosmos of a full general typhoon amounting to 92,650,000 pesetas (556,000 euros), to be managed by the University of Valencia. Antonio Ten Ros assembled a team of 56 scientists, museologists and designers including Professor José María López Piñero equally responsible for the space "A walk through history". 10 Ros presented the draft in 32 volumes to President Lerma in the Palace of the Generalitat on 21 Dec 1991.^[6]

The "Urban center of Science and Communications" was the proper name that the autonomous authorities gave to the initiative, and plans included a 370m loftier communications belfry, which would have been the third highest ane in the earth at that fourth dimension; a planetarium; and a museum of science. The total price of the works was estimated to exist near 25,000 million pesetas.

In May 1991, the council approved the transfer of lands. Four months later the projection programme with 3 structures (communications belfry, planetarium, and a science museum) was presented, designed by Santiago Calatrava.^[seven]

The team that had designed the museum did non see centre to centre with the form in which Santiago Calatrava conceived the building, and a couple of changes were made. Preliminary site work began by the end of 1994.^[7]

The project was not without controversy. The Conservative Pop Party saw in the City of Scientific discipline a "work of the pharaohs" that would serve only to bang-up the ego of the Socialists, who were the driving forces backside the initiative.^[8]

Expanded program and construction [edit]

Plan: longitudinal axis bisects Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, Montolivet Bridge, Fifty'Hemisferic, and extends through 50'Agora to L'Oceanografic

In 1995, the Popular Party won against the Socialists. However, several successive Popular Political party governments continued and expanded the complex far beyond the original Socialist project at an enormous cost, heavily indebting the metropolis.^{[viii] [ix]}

After a alter of government in 1996, the planned telecommunications tower was cancelled and replaced by an opera house,^[10] which was more expensive, and architect Félix Candela was added to blueprint an oceanographic park,^[eleven] all of which led to underspecified increases in the projection budget and to updating the proper noun to City of Arts and Sciences. In July 1996, the original Valencia, Ciencia y Comunicaciones was officially changed to Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, South.A. (CACSA).^[12] Construction on the Metropolis of Arts and Sciences under CACSA began July 1996. When construction started in 1997 on the Palau de les Arts, it was built with the same foundation and the same contract that had been planned for the cancelled communications belfry.^[ix]

The revised plan (by Calatrava) exhibited a stiff longitudinal axis that defined the backbone tying together all the structures of the complex. It bisected the Opera House, Montolivet Bridge, L'Hemisferic, and extended through the Assut de Fifty'Or Bridge and L'Agora (commissioned afterward in 2005) to L'Oceanografic (designed past Candela). Parallel to the axis were placed the science museum, 50'Umbracle, raised promenades and reflecting pools.^{[13] [14]}

As the site is close to the ocean, and Valencia is so dry out, I decided to make h2o a major element for the whole site using it as a mirror for the architecture. --Santiago Calatrava^[x]

Another unifying element was the utilise of the city's traditional heritage, viz., the use of ceramic mosaic tiles known as "trencadis", which was widely used as the exterior layer over the concrete surfaces of many of the buildings/structures and elements of the promenade throughout the circuitous.^[14]

Construction connected on the site until the last construction, L'Agora, was completed in 2009. The total cost of the projection came in at 1,200 million euros.^[15]

Inauguration [edit]

Logo: Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències

In April 1998, the circuitous opened its doors to the public with L'Hemisfèric. Eleven months later, the President of Valencia, Eduardo Zaplana, inaugurated the Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe, although the museum was not withal finished. The museum was opened to the public twenty months afterwards. On 12 Dec 2002 was the opening of L'Oceanogràfic, the largest aquarium congenital in Europe. Queen Sofía, on 8 October 2005, inaugurated the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, which became the opera business firm of Valencia.^[16]

Architects: Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela [edit]

Santiago Calatrava was born in Valencia, Espana, on 28 July 1951. He is an architect and engineer also known for his skills in painting and sculpting. He attended the Art Academy in Valencia in the mid-1960s; so he earned a degree in compages and a postgraduate course in city planning at the Escuela Tecnica Superior de Arquitectura, studied civil engineering at the Federal Polytechnic Academy of Zurich, and participated in academic enquiry investigating the foldability of infinite frames.

Calatrava'south compages aims to unite construction and movement. Early in his career, Calatrava designed Stadelhofen Station in Zurich. He was recognized for his achievement in creating poetics of movement and integrating public transportation in a natural setting and urban context. Another theme in his piece of work was moving contraptions in his buildings; for example, his dome for the Reichstag Conversion Competition in Berlin opens and closes similar a bloom, and the Planetarium in the Metropolis of Arts and Sciences in Valencia opens and closes like eyelids.

Félix Candela was born on 27 January 1910 in Madrid, Spain, and died on vii December 1997. His architectural designs are composed of reinforced concrete structures distinguished by thin, curved shells. His popularity sprung from his design, in collaboration with Jorge Gonzales Reyna, of the Cosmic Rays Pavilion (1951) in Mexico. He used his signature design of the reinforced concrete roof that varies in thickness from simply 5/8 inch to 2 inches. He also built the church of La Virgin Milagrosa in Mexico City and the church of San Vicente de Paul. His designs consisted of warped-shell industrial buildings, thin-shell centenary, and barrel-vaulted factories and warehouses. Candela was also a teacher at Harvard University and the University of Illinois. Felix Candela designed the underwater urban center L'Oceanogràfic in the Metropolis of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, reminiscent of Antoni Gaudí'southward work in Barcelona.

In popular culture [edit]

Parts of the musical number "Fashion" from the 2007 Indian film Sivaji were shot at the Urban center of Arts and Sciences. Portions of the area were featured in the 2013 racing game Gran Turismo half-dozen as a photo location. Outside scenes of the futuristic city in the 2015 flick Tomorrowland were filmed effectually the complex.^[17] In 2016 (broadcast in 2017) it was used as a filming location for the British science-fiction television programme Physician Who, appearing in the 2nd episode of the 10th series, "Smiling".^[18] The location was used every bit the headquarters of the company DELOS in the third season of the HBO series Westworld.^[19]

Diverse exterior shots of the complex were used to depict a conceptual 2039 New York World's Fair for the season finale of Cosmos: Possible Worlds on National Geographic. Architectural elements from the site were used as a light-green screen backdrop for the futuristic 2720 city in the 2020 film Beak & Ted Confront the Music ^[twenty] It's likewise used as the ready of the 2020 television accommodation of Brave New World.

Economic bear upon [edit]

In 2019 it was reported that the economical bear on of the complex is €113 million a twelvemonth and generates 3509 jobs.^[21]

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Panorama (2007, before Assut de l'Or Span and Ágora were congenital)

• 

  Pont de Montolivet

• 

  Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía

• 

• 

  Reflections

• 

  Walkway canopy of L'Umbracle

• 

  Panoramic

• 

• 

  City of Arts and Sciences at night

• 

  Assut de l'Or Bridge, Ágora (2014)

• 

  L'Àgora 2010

• 

  50'Oceanogràfic (2019)

• 

  Noche Ciudad Artes Ciencias

See also [edit]

• 12 Treasures of Kingdom of spain
• Culture of Spain
• Tourism in Spain
• Quatre Carreres, home of the City of Arts and Sciences.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Finish indicate to the City of Arts (in Spanish)". ABC Valencian Customs. two November 2009. Retrieved ane July 2010.
2. ^ Suzanne Daley, Santiago Calatrava Collects Critics too as Fans The New York Times, Sept. 24, 2013
3. ^ Ordóñez, José Antonio Fernández. "Puente de Monteolivete". structurae.cyberspace . Retrieved 22 June 2020.
4. ^ Calatrava, Santiago. "Puente de Monteolivete". structurae.net . Retrieved 22 June 2020.
5. ^ "Torres de Valencia , 2005 (Projection), by Santiago Calatrava". jmhdezhdez.com . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
6. ^ ^{a b} Osset, Lucia. "1989: The Antonio Ten Ros projection (in Spanish)". Final Degree Projection: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
7. ^ ^{a b} Osset, Lucia. "1991: Santiago Calatrava and Joan Lerma (in Spanish)". Final Degree Projection: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Calatrava considers his fees 'even pocket-sized'". El Pais (in Spanish). nineteen June 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ...in 1991 this work was commissioned to Santiago Calatrava, initially composed of three buildings: the Planetarium, the Scientific discipline Museum and the Telecommunications Tower. This circuitous of three buildings had an expected cost of 300 million euros. In 1996, the regional regime, in improver to changing the Telecommunications Tower for an Opera [Firm]..., expanded the project with new works and buildings... which correspond an additional cost of 800 meg euros.
9. ^ ^{a b} Osset, Lucia. "1995: Santiago Calatrava and the Popular Party (in Spanish)". Terminal Degree Projection: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
10. ^ ^{a b} Tola, Ani; Vokshi, Armand (November 2013). "Santiago Calatrava, City of Arts and Scientific discipline: The Similarity of the Elements". Briefing: 2nd Annual International Briefing on Business, Technology and Innovation. Durres, Republic of albania. Architecture, Spatial Planning and Ceremonious Technology: 32–42. doi:10.33107/ubt-ic.2013.3. ISBN978-9951-437-23-3 . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
11. ^ "City of Arts and Sciences". wikiarquitectura . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
12. ^ "HISTORY: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias S.A." CAC SA . Retrieved xx July 2020. In July 1996, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Due south.A. was founded, following a modify in company proper noun from Vacico (Valencia, Ciencia y Comunicaciones), a trading company run past the Regime of Valencia.
13. ^ "City Of Arts And Sciences". Arcspace. August 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Urban center of Arts and Sciences - Valencia - Santiago Calatrava". spacesXplaces. October 2016. Retrieved twenty July 2020.
15. ^ Osset, Lucia. "Cost overruns (in Spanish)". Final Degree Projection: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
16. ^ "CHRONOLOGY: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias South.A." CAC SA . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
17. ^ "George Clooney'south Tomorrowland Exists in Spain". The Huffington Post.
18. ^ Webb, Claire (22 April 2017). "Visit Doctor Who'southward spectacular colony world… in Valencia". Radio Times . Retrieved 27 Jan 2020.
19. ^ "For Westworld Flavour three, Los Angeles of 2058 Was Built With Input From Bjarke Ingels". Architectural Digest. 2020-03-20.
20. ^ https://www.atlasofwonders.com/2020/09/bill-and-ted-house-filming-locations.html October 2020
21. ^ "La Ciudad de las Artes aporta 113 millones al PIB". xxx May 2019.

• Tzonis, Alexander. Santiago Calatrava: The Consummate Works. New York: Rizzoli, 2004. Impress.
• Jodidio, Philip. Santiago Calatrava. Köln: Taschen, 1998. Print.
• Sharp, Dennis. Santiago Calatrava. London: East & FN SPON, 1994. Print.

External links [edit]

• Official website Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
• Official tourism website of Valencia Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Motorcar
• Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències at Google Maps
• Architectural photos by Varlamov at flickr
• Photo essay Urban center of Arts and Sciences 2002

shermanhouldlat.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Arts_and_Sciences

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